{"id":2069,"date":"2026-10-22T09:15:31","date_gmt":"2026-10-22T07:15:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/?p=2069"},"modified":"2026-10-22T09:15:33","modified_gmt":"2026-10-22T07:15:33","slug":"budgetary-analysis-for-france-bretagne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/budgetary-analysis-for-france-bretagne\/","title":{"rendered":"Budgetary analysis France Brittany"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"background:#eaf3f8; border-left:5px solid #111; padding:16px 20px; margin:22px 0 28px 0; font-size:16px; line-height:1.5;\"><strong>YES BREIZH \u2022 LEVRIG edition 2 \u2013 2027<\/strong><br><strong>Thematic file 2bis\/19<\/strong><br><br><strong>BUDGET ANALYSIS FRANCE \u2013 BRITTANY 5<\/strong><br>This text is part of the thematic dossiers of the 2nd edition of Levrig by Yes Breizh.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><em><strong>Fiscal flows, public spending and budget of a Brittany benefiting from the devolution<\/strong><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Levrig 2027<br>Trajectory 2027 \u2013 2032<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NB: \u00abFor the sake of <strong>fluidity and concision<\/strong>, In this text, the masculine is used to encompass all genders.\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 <strong>Economic perimeter: <\/strong>The GDP of Brittany at five is estimated at around 188\u2013192 billion euros in 2024 for a population of about 4.94 million inhabitants.<br>\u2022 <strong>Mandatory deductions: <\/strong>Central order of magnitude: approximately 80\u201383 billion euros per year, including all public administrations combined.<br>\u2022 <strong>Overall territorial balance: <\/strong>Public spending benefiting the territory is estimated at around 94\u201398 billion euros; this apparent balance is strongly influenced by pensions, health care, and the national public deficit.<br>\u2022 <strong>Balance with the central state: <\/strong>According to the chosen parameters, Brittany\u2019s net balance with the French central budget would be around \u2013 2 to 10 billion euros per year; the range <strong>\u2013 2\u20136 Md\u20ac<\/strong> is the most prudent when national functions are attributed a share of the responsibilities.<br>\u2022 <strong>Public spending by policy areas: <\/strong>More than 100 billion euros in public spending directly or indirectly concern the inhabitants of Brittany 5, but a small proportion is decided by a Breton institution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Methodological note<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>As one can imagine, this document was complicated to build. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While Yes Breizh wrote the texts, the data comes from sources retrieved from existing information on the Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In fact, we have established, not without difficulty, a reconstituted \u2018Breton\u2019 account: France does not in fact publish an official consolidated account for a Brittany with five departments. The figures therefore have to be read in context. <strong>as orders of magnitude, with uncertainty margins varying according to the positions<\/strong>. The 2024 data were preferred for overall consistency, as for 2025 not all data have yet been published. For international comparisons, we used the 2025\u20132026 budgets when they were available in the original analyses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes Breizh has been able to distinguish quite quickly between three categories: (1) the levies paid in Brittany 5<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-1\" href=\"#budget-note-1\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">1<\/a><\/sup> , (2) the revenues allocated to local administrations without necessarily having an autonomous fiscal power, and (3) public spending benefiting the Bretons and Bretons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Summary analysis of the flows:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes levrig-budget-table\" style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:1.55\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><thead><tr><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Flows coming from Brittany<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Flux returning to Brittany<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Income tax<\/td><td>Budgets of communes\/EPCIs<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-2\" href=\"#budget-note-2\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Corporate tax<\/td><td>Departments' budgets<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>VAT<\/td><td>Regional budget<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>TICPE<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-3\" href=\"#budget-note-3\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">3<\/a><\/sup> \/excises<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-4\" href=\"#budget-note-4\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>State subsidies<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Succession rights<\/td><td>State spending in Brittany<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Capital taxation<\/td><td>Salaries of state officials<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Corporate taxation<\/td><td>Retirements<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Social contributions<\/td><td>Health \/ Health insurance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CSG \/ CRDS<\/td><td>Social benefits<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Other charges<\/td><td>Public investments<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>TOTAL COLLECTED<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>TOTAL SPENT\/RETURNED<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<nav aria-label=\"Summary of the dossier\" style=\"background:#f1f5f7;border-left:3px solid #111;padding:18px 20px;margin:24px 0 28px;line-height:1.6;\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 10px;font-size:18px;\"><strong>Summary of the dossier<\/strong><\/p><ul style=\"list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;\"><li style=\"margin:5px 0;\"><a style=\"color:#111;text-decoration:underline;\" href=\"#budget-partie-1\">PART I \u2014 The fiscal balance of Brittany 5<\/a><\/li><li style=\"margin:5px 0;\"><a style=\"color:#111;text-decoration:underline;\" href=\"#budget-partie-2\">PART II \u2014 Public spending by major policies<\/a><\/li><li style=\"margin:5px 0;\"><a style=\"color:#111;text-decoration:underline;\" href=\"#budget-partie-3\">PART III \u2014 Focus on the culture and languages of Brittany<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"budget-partie-1\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;padding-top:260px\">PART I \u2014 The fiscal balance of Brittany 5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>The objective of the Yes Breizh reflection on this subject is to estimate what is collected in Brittany, what is spent there, and to distinguish the overall balance of Brittany\u2019s budgetary relationship with the central state.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes Breizh made a calculation using 2024 as the reference year, the last year for which a coherent set of final or quasi-final public accounts is available. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This calculation is a reconstruction of a Breton accounting system, since France does not publish a \u00abpublic administration account\u00bb for Brittany, which is already at 4 and, even more so, at 5!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brittany with five departments counts approximately <strong>4.94 million inhabitants<\/strong> : 612,000 in the C\u00f4tes-d\u2019Armor, 933,000 in the Finist\u00e8re, 1.121 million in Ille-et-Vilaine, 1.488 million in Loire-Atlantique and 783,000 in Morbihan. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/1405599?geo=REG-53+DEP-44&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Insee<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. The overall result<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The central estimate for 2024 is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes levrig-budget-table\" style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:1.55\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><thead><tr><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Brittany 5 \u2014 2024<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Md\u20ac<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Compulsory levies generated\/paid in Brittany<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u2248 81 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>including tax collections by the State\/national agencies<\/td><td>\u2248 34 billion euros<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>including social contributions + CSG and similar<\/td><td>\u2248 37 billion euros<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>including taxation allocated to the communities<\/td><td>\u2248 10\u201311 billion euros<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Public spending benefiting the territory and its inhabitants<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u2248 94\u201398 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Apparent balance for all public administrations<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u2248 +13 to +17 billion euros in favor of Brittany<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The latter figure <strong>This does not mean that the central state is paying 15 billion euros to Brittany!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A large part of this corresponds to pensions, health insurance, education, social benefits, etc. And since France is in a deficit, public spending exceeds mandatory levies: thus, in 2024, mandatory levies represented <strong>42.8% % of GDP<\/strong>, while public spending reached <strong>57,1 %<\/strong> and the deficit <strong>5.8% % of GDP<\/strong>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/8540375?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Insee<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So that\u2019s the <strong>balance with the central state in the strict sense<\/strong> which is the most interesting politically and institutionally, and that is what Yes Breizh has based its analyses on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. What Brittany 5 fulfills<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes Breizh estimates the GDP of Brittany at 188\u2013192 billion euros in 2024. Mechanically applying the 42.8 percent % of mandatory French taxes would give about 81\u201382 billion euros. Yes Breizh then slightly adjusted the departmental distribution to take into account the economic structure, income, and employment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Estimation by major category<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes levrig-budget-table\" style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:1.55\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><thead><tr><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Collection 2024<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Brittany 5<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Income tax<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 6.0 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Corporate tax<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 3.8 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>VAT<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 13.5\u201314.0 Md\u20ac<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energy taxes, fuels, alcohol, tobacco\u2026<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 4.0 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Social contributions<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 27\u201329 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CSG, CRDS<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-5\" href=\"#budget-note-5\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">5<\/a><\/sup> and social contributions<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 8\u201310 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Local taxation<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 10\u201311 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Successions, patrimony, insurance, various taxes, etc.<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 5\u20137 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>TOTAL<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u2248 80\u201383 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The consistency of the model is checked against national data: the DGFiP collected <strong>568 billion euros in tax revenues in 2024<\/strong>, Of this, 55 % for the State, 27 % for local administrations and 18 % for Social Security; the corporate tax alone represented 59 billion euros.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.impots.gouv.fr\/dgfip-statistiques-les-recettes-fiscales-gerees-par-la-dgfip-en-2024?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">impots.gouv.fr<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Where do approximately these 81 billion go?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They can be grouped more effectively into three sets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">State and national agencies<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Approximately 33 to 35 billion euros (net VAT collected by the state, income tax, corporate tax, excise duties, state transfer tax, wealth tax, various taxes...)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Social security<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Approximately: <strong>36\u201338 Md\u20ac (<\/strong>Social security contributions, CSG\/CRDS and affected taxation).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Territorial communities<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Approximately: <strong>10\u201311 Md\u20ac (<\/strong>Communes, EPCIs, d\u00e9partements and the share of the regions).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Attention, however: \u00ablocal taxation\u00bb no longer necessarily means <strong>tax decided locally<\/strong>. Local revenues now include significant fractions of national taxes, notably VAT<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-6\" href=\"#budget-note-6\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">6<\/a><\/sup> Therefore, Yes Breizh considers that Brittany benefits from local revenues without having equivalent fiscal autonomy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. What amounts actually return to Brittany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes Breizh has thought it over and concluded that it is necessary to go beyond mere \u00absubsidies\u00bb and has selected six major groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes levrig-budget-table\" style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:1.55\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><thead><tr><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Public spending benefiting Brittany 5<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Estimation<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Retirements and pensions<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 26\u201328 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Health \/ Health insurance \/ hospitals<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 18\u201320 Md\u20ac<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Social benefits other than pensions\/health care<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 8\u201310 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Communes, EPCIs, departments, regions<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 18\u201320 Md\u20ac<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Education, universities and territorial services of the State<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 10\u201312 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Other expenditures State: security, justice, infrastructure, defense, agriculture, culture, etc.<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 8\u201310 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Total directly or reasonably territorializable<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u2248 91\u2013100 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes Breizh has chosen an average estimate of <strong>\u2248 96 billion euros<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The structure is consistent with the French accounts as a whole: French public spending amounted to <strong>1,672 billion euros in 2024<\/strong>, and their growth was driven in particular by pensions, health care and education. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/8735252?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Insee<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">But...<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The transfers that fall under the responsibility of the <strong>National social solidarity<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A retirement pension paid in Brest is not really \u00abmoney given by the central government to Brittany\u00bb: it is essentially the product of a social scheme to which the pensioner and the employees have contributed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same reasoning applies to illness, unemployment, family benefits, pensions, and work-related accidents\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">And so...<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If we isolate what belongs to  <strong>the central state<\/strong>, Yes Breizh comes to the following conclusion: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tax revenues paid to the central state from Brittany: \u2248 29\u201333 Md\u20ac<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">against:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Direct expenditures incurred by the central state in Brittany: \u2248 20\u201324 billion euros<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">either an \u00abdeficit\u00bb of approximately <strong>5 to 10 billion euros per year in net proceeds <\/strong><strong>Brittany \u2192 Central State<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">before correcting for some national posts, because this general expenditure figure would have to be corrected as for the Defense, diplomacy, central ministries, the Council of State, the Court of Cassation, the central administrations and all the entities of the famous French administrative mille feuilles without forgetting \u2026 the debt for which it is obvious that Brittany has benefited from all the loans contracted\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But let\u2019s admit that part of these expenses also benefits Brittany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Yes Breizh therefore offers three balances<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Balance A \u2014 withdrawals \/ transfers visible to Brittany<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What is collected in Brittany versus what is spent there in material terms:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Rather Brittany <\/strong><strong>beneficiary <\/strong><strong>: approximately +10 to +15 billion \u20ac.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>But<\/strong> This calculation is deeply influenced by pensions, health care and the national deficit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Balance B \u2014 Strict central state<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">State taxes paid against the state expenditures actually incurred in Brittany:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Rather Brittany <\/strong><strong>deficitary<\/strong><strong> \u2248 5 to 10 billion euros\/year.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Solde C \u2014 Central government with share of national functions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes Breizh estimated a reasonable share of defense, debt, diplomacy, national research, central administration, etc. for Brittany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The balance would then probably narrow down to around:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2248 2 to 6 billion euros in annual deficit <\/strong><strong>between Brittany 5 and the central state.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From this analysis, Yes Breizh draws a first conclusion: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#eaf3f8;border:1px solid #111;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0;line-height:1.6\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px\"><strong>Conclusion 1.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px\">Rather than saying \u00abHow much does the French central government take from Brittany?\u00bb, it is certainly more rigorous to say:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px\"><strong> Brittany generates an order of 80 billion euros in compulsory levies each year, or approximately 16,500 euros per inhabitant. But only a minority of these levies is decided by Breton institutions.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"budget-partie-2\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;padding-top:260px\">PART II \u2014 Public spending by major policies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>The objective of the Yes Breizh reflection on the subject: <\/strong><\/em><em><strong>moving from the logic of flows to that of competencies: how much is currently spent in each area and what proportion could, in comparison with the European model, be covered by a decision made by Brittany through devolution?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To avoid any misinterpretation, Yes Breizh started from <strong>public expenditures effectively generated by the function in France in 2024<\/strong>, Then, they calculated a share for Brittany. INSEE gives 1,672 billion euros in public spending in 2024, of which 261 billion euros for health, 149 billion euros for education, 166 billion euros for economic affairs, 52 billion euros for security, 42 billion euros for housing, and 30 billion euros for the environment. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/8735252?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Insee<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A. Overall vision of a \u00abministerial accounting\u00bb for Brittany<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For <strong>4.94 million inhabitants<\/strong>, Yes Breizh comes with the following dimensions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes levrig-budget-table\" style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:1.55\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><thead><tr><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Public policy<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Annual estimated public expenditure for Brittany<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>\u20ac\/person.<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Today mainly decided by<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Health<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>19\u201320 Md\u20ac<\/strong><\/td><td>3 850\u20134 050 \u20ac<\/td><td>Central State \/ Health insurance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>School education<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>10\u201311 Md\u20ac<\/strong><\/td><td>2 050\u20132 250 \u20ac<\/td><td>Central State + Local Authorities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Higher education \/ research<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>3\u20134 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><td>600\u2013800 \u20ac<\/td><td>Central state<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Social protection outside the health sector<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u224850 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><td>\u224810 000 \u20ac<\/td><td>Central State \/ Social Security<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Economy \/ transport \/ agriculture \/ energy<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u224811\u201312 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><td>2 200\u20132 400 \u20ac<\/td><td>Central State + Local Authorities + EU<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Security \/ Justice \/ Prisons<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u22483.5\u20134 billion \u20ac<\/strong><\/td><td>700\u2013800 \u20ac<\/td><td>almost exclusively central state<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Housing \/ spatial planning<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u22483 Md\u20ac<\/strong><\/td><td>\u2248600 \u20ac<\/td><td>Central State + Local Authorities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Environment<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u22482 Md\u20ac<\/strong><\/td><td>\u2248400 \u20ac<\/td><td>Central State + Local Authorities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Culture<\/strong> <\/td><td><strong>\u22480.75 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><td>\u2248150 \u20ac<\/td><td>especially local authorities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Defense: theoretical share<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u22483.5\u20134 billion \u20ac<\/strong><\/td><td>700\u2013800 \u20ac<\/td><td>Central state<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Total of these major policies<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u2248105\u2013115 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><td>21 360 \u2013 23 270 \u20ac<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even though these calculations are estimates that are subject to nuance due to France\u2019s annual debt and deficit\u2026 It is clear that we cannot add these figures to our 81 billion euros in levies. Indeed, France spends more than it collects due to the public deficit, and some of the items include transfers between administrations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But for Yes Breizh, the analysis of the table leads to a second conclusion:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#eaf3f8;border:1px solid #111;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0;line-height:1.6\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px\"><strong>Conclusion 2.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px\"><strong>The question of devolving its budget to Brittany potentially involves several tens of billions of euros in public policies, and not the approximately 2 billion euros of the Brittany Region 4 budget alone.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B<strong>. <\/strong>Detailed global vision by \u00abportfolio or thematic\u00bb for Brittany<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Health: a spectacular change of scale<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes Breizh estimates that health spending in Brittany is around 19-20 billion euros per year, which amounts to between 3,850 and 4,050 euros per inhabitant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As detailed in the thematic analysis on the subject, Brittany hardly directs its health system: the Regional Health Agency, the Health Insurance Scheme, and the central government occupy dominant positions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Compare with our cousins from the other side of the Channel: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scotland will spend \u00a321.7 billion on Health and Social Care in 2025-26, which is nearly \u00a33,900 (4,540 \u20ac) per inhabitant.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-budget-2025-2026\/pages\/16\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scottish Government<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wales spends about \u00a312.6 billion on the Health and Social Care portfolio, which is almost \u00a34,000 per inhabitant (4,650 \u20ac).<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.wales\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2025-03\/2025-26-welsh-government-final-budget-explainer-english.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GOV.WALES<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">For a Brittany benefiting from devolution in healthcare matters, the question would not be: \u00abshould we spend more?\u201d (although), but who decides the 19 to 20 billion euros already spent on the health of the Breton women and men.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#eaf3f8;border:1px solid #111;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0;line-height:1.6\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px\"><strong>Conclusion 3.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px\"><strong>With a budget ranging from 19 to 10 billion euros, Brittany, with a health care system comparable to that of Scotland or Wales, could run: our hospital organization<\/strong><strong>\u2009<\/strong><strong>; our local medicine<\/strong><strong>\u2009<\/strong><strong>; our prevention<\/strong><strong>\u2009<\/strong><strong>; our medical demographic<\/strong><strong>\u2009<\/strong><strong>; mental health<\/strong><strong>\u2009<\/strong><strong>; the dependence<\/strong><strong>\u2009<\/strong><strong>; our hospital investments<\/strong><strong>\u2009<\/strong><strong>; our health training<\/strong><strong>\u2009<\/strong><strong>; our pharmaceutical policy, etc.<\/strong><strong><sup><a id=\"budget-ref-7\" href=\"#budget-note-7\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Education: around 10\u201311 billion euros<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Education represents <strong>149 billion euros in French public spending in 2024<\/strong>, Of this amount, 104 billion euros are assumed by the central administrations and 45 billion euros by the local authorities. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/8735252?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Insee<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes Breizh therefore estimates at approximately <strong>10-11 Md\u20ac\/year the spending on education in Brittany: 5, that is between 2,050 and 2,250 \u20ac per inhabitant.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scotland has an Education and Skills portfolio of approximately <strong>\u00a34.3 billion<\/strong>, While significant educational spending also comes from communities funded by the Scottish budget (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-budget-2025-2026\/pages\/17\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scottish government<\/a>) to reach a total of \u00a36.5 billion, or about \u20ac1,380 per inhabitant. A much lower amount than in Brittany (48 % less), with teachers being paid better in Scotland and results no less impressive than in Brittany! <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#eaf3f8;border:1px solid #111;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0;line-height:1.6\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px\"><strong>Conclusion 4.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px\"><strong>With a budget of between \u20ac10 and \u20ac11 billion, Brittany could decide for itself<\/strong><strong><sup><a id=\"budget-ref-8\" href=\"#budget-note-8\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><strong> curricula for some subjects such as the history and geography of Brittany; the language policy, school catchment areas; but also the status, remuneration and training of teachers; vocational education; apprenticeship; infrastructure; and higher education at a second level of devolution. A comparison with the Scottish system, in particular, could also greatly benefit us.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Higher education, research, innovation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes Breizh estimates at about <strong>3-4 billion euros per year in spending on themes in Brittany, which is only 600 to 800 euros per inhabitant.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It has been difficult for us to find elements of comparison with other nations, but we will find some by the 2028 edition of Levrig, but, for Yes Breizh (cf. our thematic reflection on the subject), we believe that devolving this subject would allow us to have a unique strategy while maintaining our relations with the policies of the central state on these matters, but by developing more concrete strategic partnerships with other corresponding entities in other countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#eaf3f8;border:1px solid #111;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0;line-height:1.6\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px\"><strong>Conclusion 5.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px\"><strong>Having a strategy based on an annual budget of 3 to 4 billion for our relations with universities; the Grandes \u00c9coles; marine research; cybersecurity; AI; agronomy; agro-food; marine energy; Celtic languages; university linguistic policy, etc.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Economy, industry and employment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes Breizh estimates a sum of <strong>Expenditures related to these topics<\/strong> in an amount between <strong>5 and 7 Md\u20ac\/year.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is a considerable sum, but which should be able to lead to real results. <strong>Breton industrial policy<\/strong>, and not only in the distribution of aid<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-9\" href=\"#budget-note-9\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#eaf3f8;border:1px solid #111;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0;line-height:1.6\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px\"><strong>Conclusion 6.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px\"><strong>Having yet again an industrial strategy specific to an annual budget of 5 to 7 billion euros could be defined with all the actors involved in these matters in Brittany thanks to the devolution of our economic development policy; our industrial strategy (impossible to define otherwise); employment; vocational training; foreign trade for Brittany; innovation; and the development of the Brittany region as a whole.\tattractiveness (beyond the good-<\/strong><strong>living) ; aid for businesses; tourism (with a regulated policy rather than a subsidized one); a bold port policy that risks competing with other French or European ports economically.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Agriculture, fishing and food<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Yes Breizh, this sector is probably one of those for which Breton jurisdiction would be the most naturally justifiable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ireland spends more <strong>2 billion euros per year<\/strong> to its Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, to which are added more than <strong>1.2 billion euros in direct European payments to farmers<\/strong>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.ie\/en\/department-of-public-expenditure-infrastructure-public-service-reform-and-digitalisation\/speeches\/statement-by-minister-donohoe-on-budget-2025\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gouv.ie<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For Brittany 5, Yes Breizh estimates a sum <strong>\u22481.5\u20132.0 Md\u20ac\/year <\/strong>the total budget including CAP, national aid, fisheries, FEADER\/FEAMPA, municipalities and related public schemes<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-10\" href=\"#budget-note-10\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#eaf3f8;border:1px solid #111;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0;line-height:1.6\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px\"><strong>Conclusion 7.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px\"><strong>This sector is one of Brittany\u2019s major assets. However, it is in the process of weakening, as the Regional Council often points out. However, the Region cannot do much about it, as these issues are largely managed by the central government. A devolution could allow us to manage them directly, drawing inspiration from the thriving Irish model: the CAP\u2019s decentralization; the agricultural model; livestock; water; transmission; installation; fishing; fishing ports; aquaculture; food; and agro-food, all within a strong environmental awareness that is not contradictory to the development of these sectors.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Transport and infrastructure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scotland has a Transport portfolio of approximately <strong>\u00a34 billion per year (4.7 billion \u20ac)<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-budget-2025-2026\/pages\/16\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scottish government<\/a>) for about \u20ac850 per inhabitant and per year. Ireland, on the other hand, has a budget of <strong>3.9 billion euros in 2025<\/strong>, Including 2.9 billion euros in investment. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.ie\/en\/department-of-public-expenditure-infrastructure-public-service-reform-and-digitalisation\/speeches\/statement-by-minister-donohoe-on-budget-2025\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gouv.ie<\/a>) for a per capita ration of 622.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For Brittany 5, roads, rail, public transport, ports and infrastructure represent, after research carried out by Yes Breizh, probably around <strong>3\u20134 billion euros per year<\/strong> Public spending ranges from 607 to 809 per capita per year. But unlike Scotland and Ireland, this budget, although considerable, is spread among various actors (Paris \u2013 SNCF \u2013 the Brittany and Pays de la Loire regions \u2013 departments \u2013 metropolitan areas \u2013 intercommunalities).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#eaf3f8;border:1px solid #111;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0;line-height:1.6\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px\"><strong>Conclusion 8.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px\"><strong>This devolved competence would undoubtedly allow for the best possible use of a substantial budget envelope, but it would not have the expected effects when compared to other countries. In Brittany, the devolution would allow for the development of synergies between the actors, limit, or even eliminate the dispersion of decisions, and thus implement a transport policy that enables the implementation of decisions that are beneficial to the entire Brittany region.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Housing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wales had a whole set of resources in 2025-26. <strong>Housing and Local Government<\/strong> from close up <strong>\u00a36.75 billion (7.87 billion \u20ac)<\/strong> either \u20ac2,539 per inhabitant, even though a large part corresponds to the subsidies paid to local authorities and therefore cannot be considered to be solely housing.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.wales\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2025-03\/2025-26-welsh-government-final-budget-explainer-english.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GOV.WALES<\/a>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ireland, on the other hand, spent more money during the same period: <strong>7.8 billion euros for the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage<\/strong>, That is \u20ac1,418 per inhabitant, including more than \u20ac3.2 billion in investment credits. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.ie\/en\/department-of-public-expenditure-infrastructure-public-service-reform-and-digitalisation\/speeches\/statement-by-minister-donohoe-on-budget-2025\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gouv.ie<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brittany 5 could represent approximately: <strong>2.5\u20133.5 billion euros per year <\/strong>Public spending related to housing and infrastructure, between \u20ac506 and \u20ac708 per inhabitant. A ratio therefore almost 4.5 times lower than in Wales or half as low as in Ireland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is clearly a priority issue for Brittany, which is not considered to be such by the French central system today.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#eaf3f8;border:1px solid #111;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0;line-height:1.6\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px\"><strong>Conclusion 9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px\"><strong>This devolved competence would allow for better prioritisation of this particularly sensitive issue for Brittany. This issue must be taken up again<\/strong><strong><sup><a id=\"budget-ref-11\" href=\"#budget-note-11\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><strong> possibly drawing inspiration from other more efficient models. The devolution of responsibility would allow for the redefinition of a housing policy that addresses a number of challenges, such as the issue of second homes, vacant housing, land, and so-called \u00ab<\/strong><strong>\u2009<\/strong><strong>tensed<\/strong><strong>\u2009<\/strong><strong>\u00bbIn the area of real estate taxation, social housing, tourism management and urban planning. The devolution in this area must indeed include a budgetary devolution, but also a fiscal and regulatory devolution.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Environment, energy and climate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">France devotes approximately <strong>30 billion euros in public spending for environmental protection<\/strong>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/8735252?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Insee<\/a>), a reconstruction according to the model explained above results in an amount of <strong>\u22482\u20132.3 billion euros per year <\/strong>For Brittany, however, it would be necessary to make adjustments, given the importance of the coastline, water and agriculture for us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For comparison, Scotland has planned to spend approximately <strong>\u00a30.9 billion (1 billion \u20ac) for its Net Zero and Energy plan<\/strong> in 2025-26. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-budget-2025-2026\/pages\/17\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scottish Government<\/a>) and Wales about the same amount <strong>\u00a3897 M<\/strong> for his plan Climate Change and Rural Affairs. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.wales\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2025-03\/2025-26-welsh-government-final-budget-explainer-english.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GOV.WALES<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The boundaries therefore need to be adjusted. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#eaf3f8;border:1px solid #111;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0;line-height:1.6\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px\"><strong>Conclusion 10.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px\"><strong>Since this devolved competence has impacts in many areas, such as: water management; the problem of nitrates; biodiversity; the coastline; marine energy; offshore wind; energy planning; climate adaptation; and waste management, it would also be possible to make the most of a likely substantial budget envelope. In Brittany, the introduction of a devolution system would allow for synergies between the many actors involved, limit or even eliminate divergent decisions, and thus implement an effective policy for the entire Brittany region. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Justice, police and prisons: the most politically spectacular case<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">France spends about <strong>52 billion euros for public order and security<\/strong>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/8735252?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Insee<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the same calculation method, Brittany 5\u2019s theoretical share could be around 3.5 to 4 billion euros per year, or approximately 709 to 810 euros per inhabitant per year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today, <strong>Almost \u20ac0 of this policy is decided by a Breton institution.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If we make comparisons again, Scotland has a Justice budget of approximately: <strong>\u00a34 billion per year (approximately \u20ac4.7 billion) = \u20ac848 per year per inhabitant<\/strong>, including police, prisons, justice, fire safety, legal aid, etc. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/news\/scottish-budget-2025-26\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scottish Government<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#eaf3f8;border:1px solid #111;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0;line-height:1.6\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px\"><strong>Conclusion 11.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px\"><strong>This devolved competence could be divided into two phases: a first one concerning civil security and coordination, and a second one concerning the creation of a Breton police force with the same competences as the Scottish or Basque police (operating smoothly with the overall security organization in Great Britain or Spain). It should be noted that the issue of transferring competencies in the field of justice will have to be addressed in parallel.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. The summary table created by Yes Breizh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes levrig-budget-table\" style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:1.55\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><thead><tr><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Thematic<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Estimated expenditure Brittany 5<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Breton decision-making level today<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Possible comparative devolution <\/strong><br><strong>for Brittany<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Health<\/td><td><strong>19\u201320 Md\u20ac<\/strong><\/td><td>Low<\/td><td>Very strong<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Social protection<\/td><td><strong>\u224850 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><td>None<\/td><td>Partial<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Education<\/td><td><strong>10\u201311 Md\u20ac<\/strong><\/td><td>Low<\/td><td>Very strong<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Higher education \/ research<\/td><td><strong>3\u20134 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><td>Low<\/td><td>Strong<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Economy \/ Employment<\/td><td><strong>3\u20134 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><td>Low<\/td><td>Very strong<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Transport<\/td><td><strong>3\u20134 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><td>Low<\/td><td>Very strong<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Agriculture \/ fishing<\/td><td><strong>1.5\u20132 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><td>Low<\/td><td>Very strong<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Housing<\/td><td><strong>\u22483 Md\u20ac<\/strong><\/td><td>Reliable<\/td><td>Strong<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Environment \/ energy<\/td><td><strong>\u22482 Md\u20ac<\/strong><\/td><td>Low<\/td><td>Strong<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Justice \/ security<\/td><td><strong>3.5\u20134 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><td>Almost none<\/td><td>Strong<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Culture<\/td><td><strong>\u22480.75 billion euros<\/strong><\/td><td>Quite local, but scattered<\/td><td>Very strong<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Languages<\/td><td><strong>\u224815\u201325 M\u20ac<\/strong><\/td><td>Low<\/td><td>Very strong<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#eaf3f8;border:1px solid #111;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0;line-height:1.6\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px\"><strong>General conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px\"><strong>Every year, more than 100 billion euros in public spending directly or indirectly benefit the 4.94 million inhabitants of Brittany 5. But in the essential areas \u2014 health, education, justice, security, research, agriculture, energy \u2014 the Breton institutions decide only on a fraction of this amount. The devolution therefore does not primarily consist in spending more: it consists in bringing the decision closer to the population that finances and uses these services. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px\"><strong>That is exactly what Scotland and Wales show: a government \u00ab<\/strong><strong>\u2009<\/strong><strong>local<\/strong><strong>\u2009<\/strong><strong>\u00bb can administer several tens of percent of public spending without calling into question the general functioning.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"budget-partie-3\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;padding-top:260px\">PART III \u2014 Focus on the culture and languages of Brittany<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Culture and languages offer a particularly readable case study: spending already exists, but it is fragmented and does not currently form an integrated Breton public policy comparable to those of Wales, Scotland, Ireland or Euskadi (Basque Country, South integrated into Spain).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Yes Breizh has chosen to focus on this topic, one that is very close to the hearts of the Breton women and men.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>It will be necessary to be able to do this in the future for all the other topics concerning Brittany.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Methodological supplement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By reconstructing Brittany into five departments based on the cultural accounts of the communities and the state\u2019s funding, Yes Breizh estimates that Brittany\u2019s annual public cultural spending is around 700 to 800 million euros, or approximately 145 to 160 euros per inhabitant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, two things must be distinguished: the spending of the local authorities, which is relatively well measured, and that of the State, which is more difficult to locate because part of it goes through national operators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Brittany 5: general order of magnitude 2024<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the whole of France, the communities have allocated <strong>9.985 billion euros for culture in 2024<\/strong>, or <strong>146 \u20ac per person<\/strong> 79 % are funded by the communal block, 13 % by the departments and 8 % by the regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brittany is historically rather <strong>Below the national average for communal\/intercommunal spending<\/strong>. The Ministry\u2019s Cultural Atlas, for example, gave approximately <strong>107 \u20ac\/per inhabitant for the Breton local block<\/strong>, against up to \u20ac148 in PACA.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.culture.gouv.fr\/Media\/medias-creation-rapide\/CE-2022-3_Atlas-Culture_Dynamiques-et-disparites-territoriales-culturelles.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ministry of Culture<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By updating this structure and integrating the Loire-Atlantique, our estimate is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes levrig-budget-table\" style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:1.55\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><thead><tr><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Financier \u2014 Brittany 5<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>M\u20ac\/year<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>\u20ac\/person approx.<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Communes<\/td><td><strong>390\u2013430<\/strong><\/td><td>79\u201387 \u20ac<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>EPCIs\/metropolises<\/td><td><strong>125\u2013150<\/strong><\/td><td>25\u201330 \u20ac<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5 departments<\/td><td><strong>70\u201385<\/strong><\/td><td>14\u201317 \u20ac<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Share of the regions Bretagne + Pays de la Loire for the 44<\/td><td><strong>50\u201360<\/strong><\/td><td>10\u201312 \u20ac<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Territorial communities<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>635\u2013725 M\u20ac<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>128\u2013147 \u20ac<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>State \u2013 DRAC and decentralized credits<\/td><td><strong>65\u201380<\/strong><\/td><td>13\u201316 \u20ac<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>TOTAL directly territorializable<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u2248 700\u2013805 M\u20ac<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u2248 142\u2013163 \u20ac<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes Breizh therefore retains as a central figure:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u2248 750 M\u20ac of public cultural spending per year in Brittany 5, that is approximately 150 \u20ac per capita.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This represents approximately <strong>0.4 % of the GDP of Brittany 5<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. The important peculiarity: it is mainly the municipalities that fund it<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is a point that is often overlooked<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-12\" href=\"#budget-note-12\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">12<\/a><\/sup>. In France, the state or the regions are not the main funders of local culture: <strong>79 % of the cultural expenses of the communities are carried out by the communes and intercommunalities<\/strong>. The communal block devotes approximately <strong>123 \u20ac per inhabitant<\/strong>, against 19 \u20ac for the departments and only 12 \u20ac for the regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brittany follows this logic. Rennes, Nantes, Brest, Lorient, Vannes, Saint-Brieuc, Quimper, Saint-Nazaire, their metropolitan areas\/agglomerations, as well as the exceptionally dense network of communes and intercommunalities, constitute therefore the true foundation of Breton cultural funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is also consistent with the density of the equipment: the administrative Brittany, in particular, has <strong>1,001 libraries<\/strong>, With the best French equipment rate, 21.1 libraries per 100,000 inhabitants. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.culture.gouv.fr\/content\/download\/356745\/pdf_file\/20240723%20Annexes_Projet%20de%20rapport%20IGAC%20.pdf?inLanguage=fre-FR&amp;version=42&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ministry of Culture<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Comparison with some major regions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To make the most relevant comparisons possible, Yes Breizh chose to use as a reference <strong>the number of euros per capita<\/strong>, and not the absolute budgets. By combining the DEPS data<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-13\" href=\"#budget-note-13\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">13<\/a><\/sup> Available and updated for 2024, Yes Breizh has produced the following summary table, albeit modestly in terms of scale but nevertheless reliable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes levrig-budget-table\" style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:1.55\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><thead><tr><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Territory<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Expenditure <\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>PACA<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 165\u2013185 \u20ac\/hab.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00cele-de-France<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 155\u2013175 \u20ac\/hab.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Occitanie<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 145\u2013165 \u20ac\/person.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hauts-de-France<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 145\u2013160 \u20ac\/person.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>All of France<\/td><td><strong>146 \u20ac per person.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>New Aquitaine<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 130\u2013145 \u20ac\/person.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Brittany 5<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u2248 128\u2013147 \u20ac\/hab.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Auvergne-Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes<\/td><td><strong>\u2248 125\u2013145 \u20ac\/hab.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes Breizh again specifies that the thresholds per Region are <strong>Estimates<\/strong>, Because the 2024 publication of the Ministry provides the consolidated total for France, but does not, in its summary report, present a directly comparable table of the thirteen regions according to exactly the same definition. The French average of <strong>146 \u20ac per capita <\/strong>However, it is a 2024 accounting data. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.culture.gouv.fr\/espace-documentation\/statistiques-ministerielles-de-la-culture2\/statistiques-culturelles\/tableau-de-bord-des-depenses-culturelles-des-collectivites-territoriales-2019-2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ministry of Culture<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. But the gap becomes much more dramatic with the central state<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2024, the Ministry of Culture had a budget of approximately <strong>4.6 billion euros<\/strong>, to which are added public audiovisual services and various operators. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.culture.gouv.fr\/espace-documentation\/statistiques-ministerielles-de-la-culture2\/publications\/collections-d-ouvrages\/chiffres-cles-statistiques-de-la-culture-et-de-la-communication-2012-2025\/chiffres-cles-2024-de-la-culture-et-de-la-communication?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ministry of Culture<\/a>) Or the territorial distribution is extremely unbalanced, especially because of the large national institutions located in Paris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Historically, the ministry itself noted that the state\u2019s cultural funding represented approximately:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>139 \u20ac\/per inhabitant in \u00cele-de-France compared to only 15 \u20ac\/per inhabitant outside \u00cele-de-France. <\/strong>(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.culture.gouv.fr\/regions\/drac-nouvelle-aquitaine\/culture-pres-de-chez-vous?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ministry of Culture<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The values have evolved since then, but <strong>The Francilienne concentration remains structural<\/strong> Louvre (more than \u20ac320 million), Paris Opera (240 million), Versailles (170 million), Centre Pompidou (460 million), etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus, we can make two observations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>First of all<\/strong>, In terms of local cultural spending per capita, Brittany seems to be rather positioned <strong>around or slightly below the French average<\/strong>, Despite its identity, heritage and density of cultural activities, it is particularly important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Second<\/strong>, In Brittany, the share of the state that is directly spent is much lower than that spent in \u00cele-de-France.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And this second question becomes even more interesting if we include the expenses related to <strong>Breton and Gallo languages<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. A calculation and a comparison for the languages of Brittany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Yes Breizh does almost systematically, in the logic of the fiscal balance we have just established, we now compare <strong>Brittany 5 \/ Scotland \/ Wales \/ Ireland \/ Basque Country<\/strong>, by indicating for each <strong>\u20ac\/person, the share of the public budget and the amount specifically dedicated to the language(s) and national culture<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For Yes Breizh, this comparison was made, because it is much more telling than a comparison solely with the French regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The data comes from the analysis of the budgets <strong>2025-2026<\/strong>, With Brittany 5 reconstituted (no consolidation).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes levrig-budget-table\" style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:1.55\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><thead><tr><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Country or Nation<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Population<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Culture carried by the national\/regional government<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>National\/regional language<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Language \u20ac\/per person.<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Brittany <\/strong><strong>administrative<\/strong><\/td><td>3.45 M<\/td><td><strong>28 M\u20ac<\/strong> Region<\/td><td><strong>\u224812 M\u20ac Breton + Gallo<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u22483,5 \u20ac<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Brittany 5<\/strong><\/td><td>4,94 M<\/td><td><strong>?<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>?<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>?<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Scotland<\/strong><\/td><td>5.54 M<\/td><td><strong>\u00a3238 M (277 M\u20ac)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u00a335.5 M (41.4 M\u20ac) Gaelic + Scots<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u2248\u00a36,4 (7.4 \u20ac)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Wales<\/strong><\/td><td>3,19 M<\/td><td>\u2248\u00a3120\u2013190 M depending on the scope (140 \u2013 221 M\u20ac)<\/td><td><strong>\u00a357.2 M (66.7 M\u20ac) Welsh<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u2248\u00a318 (21 \u20ac)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ireland<\/strong><\/td><td>5,46 M<\/td><td><strong>\u2248380 M\u20ac arts &amp; culture<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>107 M\u20ac Gaeltacht\/Irish<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u224819,6 \u20ac<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Basque Country (Euskadi)<\/strong><\/td><td>2.22 M<\/td><td><strong>79.8 M\u20ac culture<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>86.4 M\u20ac in Euskara<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u224839 \u20ac<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>For the sole linguistic policy, Euskadi devotes approximately eleven times as much per inhabitant as the Brittany Region currently does to Breton and Gallo; Wales seven times, Ireland about six times and Scotland twice.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The boundaries may not be absolutely identical, but the differences are too significant to be explained by the methodology alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Brittany 4: approximately 12 M\u20ac for languages<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 2025 budget of the Brittany Region provides for approximately <strong>12 M\u20ac for the languages of Brittany<\/strong>. The budget program provides for \u20ac10.725 million in operational expenses and \u20ac1.265 million in investments, so roughly <strong>12 M\u20ac<\/strong>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bretagne.bzh\/app\/uploads\/DP-Budget-2025.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Region Bretagne<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For 2024, the programming distinguished between:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Breton: <strong>10.28 M\u20ac<\/strong> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gallo: <strong>1.04 M\u20ac<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The goal for 2027 is to reach approximately <strong>11.33 M\u20ac for Breton<\/strong> and <strong>1.65 M\u20ac for the Gallo<\/strong>, That is almost \u20ac13 million.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bretagne.bzh\/app\/uploads\/RADD-2024-VOL2.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Region Bretagne<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This corresponds to approximately <strong>3.5 \u20ac per inhabitant of administrative Brittany.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reported artificially to Brittany 5, if the effort were simply extended to the Loire-Atlantique, we would remain within a similar scale of magnitude.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To be perfectly clear, however, this does not include all the public money allocated to Breton and Gallo: we must add national education, the municipalities, the departments, the local public authorities, the Loire-Atlantique region, the audiovisual sector, etc. But again, the gap is such that the diagnosis remains the same. <sup><a id=\"budget-ref-14\" href=\"#budget-note-14\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Scotland: twice to three times the budget of Brittany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Scottish government\u2019s cultural budget for 2025-2026 amounts to <strong>\u00a3238.1 M (277 M\u20ac)<\/strong>, of which:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Creative Scotland: \u00a380 M (93.2 M\u20ac);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>National cultural collections: \u00a3104.8 M (122.1 M\u20ac);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Other arts: \u00a328.6 M (33.3 M\u20ac);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>national companies: \u00a324.6 M (28.7 M\u20ac). (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-budget-2025-2026\/pages\/13\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scottish Government<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To this is added the linguistic policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The revised Scottish budget for 2025-2026 allocates <strong>\u00a335.5 M (41.4 M\u20ac) in Gaelic and Scots<\/strong>, of which:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u00a314.8 M (17.3 M\u20ac) for Gaelic audiovisual broadcasting; ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00a36,325 M (7.3 M\u20ac) to B\u00f2rd na G\u00e0idhlig<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-15\" href=\"#budget-note-15\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">15<\/a><\/sup> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00a34.67 M (5.4 M\u20ac) of Gaelic Specific Grant; ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00a33,458 M (4 M\u20ac) for education\/culture\/arts; ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00a35 M (5.8 M\u20ac) of investment; ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00a30.95 M (1.1. M\u20ac) for the Scots. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/foi-202500492044\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scottish Government<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That is approximately: <strong>\u00a36.4 (7.5 \u20ac) per inhabitant for Gaelic + Scots.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That\u2019s about it already <strong>twice the equivalent ratio for Brittany<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But the institutional element is even more important: <strong>Scotland decides on this policy itself in its devolved national budget<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Wales: Scale change<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The budget directly linked to the strategy <strong>Cymraeg 2050<\/strong> achieved <strong>\u00a357.2 M (66.7 M\u20ac) in 2025-2026<\/strong>, compared with about \u00a354 M (62 M\u20ac) the previous year. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.wales\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2025-08\/draft-budget-2025-to-2026-evidence-to-the-culture-communications-welsh-language-sport-and-international-relations-committee.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GOV.WALES<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Out of a population of 3.187 million: this corresponds to <strong>\u2248 \u00a318 (21 \u20ac) per capita for the Welsh.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That\u2019s about <strong>five times what Brittany spends per capita<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It should be noted that this budget is not just used to fund a few linguistic associations. It also covers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>learning Welsh; ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>National Centre for Learning Welsh ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-16\" href=\"#budget-note-16\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">16<\/a><\/sup> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eisteddfod<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-17\" href=\"#budget-note-17\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">17<\/a><\/sup> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Urdd Gobaith Cymru<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-18\" href=\"#budget-note-18\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">18<\/a><\/sup> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mentrau Iaith<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-19\" href=\"#budget-note-19\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">19<\/a><\/sup> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Welsh community press; ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>family policy; ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>linguistic infrastructure.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.wales\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2025-08\/draft-budget-2025-to-2026-evidence-to-the-culture-communications-welsh-language-sport-and-international-relations-committee.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GOV.WALES<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Wales, <strong>the Welsh language is treated as an element of the national \u00abinfrastructure\u2019 <\/strong>when <strong>In France, Breton is much more often treated as an element of an optional cultural policy.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Ireland: nearly \u20ac20 per capita even before TG4<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-20\" href=\"#budget-note-20\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Irish budget for 2025 provides for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>nearly 380 M\u20ac for Arts and Culture<\/strong> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u20ac107 million for support to Gaeltacht communities<\/strong><strong><sup><a id=\"budget-ref-21\" href=\"#budget-note-21\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/strong><strong> and to the Irish<\/strong> ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>60 M\u20ac for TG4<\/strong>, the public television channel in the Irish language; ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>approximately \u20ac328 million for the entire media sector.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.ie\/en\/department-of-public-expenditure-infrastructure-public-service-reform-and-digitalisation\/speeches\/statement-by-minister-donohoe-on-budget-2025\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gouv.ie<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>107 M\u20ac<\/strong> already represent  <strong>\u224819.6 \u20ac per capita.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If we add the <strong>60 M\u20ac of TG4<\/strong>, The resources directly identifiable with the language and its media universe are approaching: <strong>167 M\u20ac, or about 31 \u20ac per capita.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In terms of <strong>capacity to build a cultural and media space in the language<\/strong>, As with Wales, the gap with Brittany is considerable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. The Basque Country: a spectacular example<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Basque government\u2019s 2025 budget provides for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>For culture: \u20ac79.8 million, for the Basque language policy: \u20ac86.4 million<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">either already: <strong>166.2 M\u20ac culture + language.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For only 2.218 million inhabitants we get:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>culture: <strong>\u224836 \u20ac\/person.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Euskara: <strong>\u224839 \u20ac\/person.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>culture + language: <strong>\u224875 \u20ac\/person.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The only Basque linguistic policy budget is therefore <strong>more than seven times the Breton budget in absolute terms<\/strong>, while Euskadi has <strong>one million fewer inhabitants than the administrative Brittany and less than half the population of Brittany 5<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It should be noted that the 86.4 M\u20ac mentioned above includes, among other things: <strong>59 M\u20ac for HABE<\/strong>, the organization responsible in particular for learning the Basque language, and 17.6 M\u20ac allocated to increasing its social use, notably in the media, leisure and sports\u2026 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.euskadi.eus\/gobierno-vasco\/-\/noticia\/2024\/el-presupuesto-del-departamento-cultura-y-politica-linguistica-se-incrementa-6-14-2025-y-asciende-392-millones-euros\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Euskadi<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And to conclude, we add another useful element, that of <strong>the public audiovisual sector<\/strong> with the\u2019<strong>EiTB, whose budget is \u20ac192.2 million<\/strong>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.euskadi.eus\/gobierno-vasco\/-\/noticia\/2023\/el-presupuesto-del-departamento-cultura-y-politica-linguistica-se-incrementa-4-5-2024-y-asciende-369-4-millones-euros\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Euskadi<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes Breizh often mentions our \u00abcousins\u00bb across the Channel, but it should be noted that Euskadi has what Brittany does not have: <strong>a true national cultural system comprising language + television + radio + heritage + creation + hence international influence.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">11. A conclusion\u2026<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brittany is therefore absolutely not \u2013 of course \u2013 a cultural desert. It has theaters, festivals, libraries, conservatories, museums, heritage sites, art centers, etc., which are amply funded by the local authorities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The problem lies elsewhere. <\/strong>These financial means are <strong>Fragmented among hundreds of decision-makers<\/strong> and does not constitute a Breton cultural policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is what distinguishes the two models:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes levrig-budget-table\" style=\"font-size:15px;line-height:1.55\"><div class=\"pcrstb-wrap\"><table><thead><tr><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>French model\/Brittany<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><th><mark style=\"background-color:#2276b5;color:#ffffff;display:block;margin:-0.5em;padding:0.75em;min-height:3em;box-sizing:border-box\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><strong>Devolved model sought by Yes Breizh<\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Culture fragmented between communes, EPCIs, departments, Region, State<\/td><td>A coherent national strategy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Language is an optional competence<\/td><td>Language is part of central public policy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Not really any Breton public audiovisual<\/td><td>Drawing inspiration from BBC Cymru\/S4C, TG4, EiTB\u2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>No autonomous Breton international cultural strategy<\/td><td>Creation of international institutes and programs<sup><a id=\"budget-ref-22\" href=\"#budget-note-22\" style=\"scroll-margin-top:260px\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sectoral financing<\/td><td>Building a coherent \u00abecosystem\u00bb<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>We will build for the next edition of Levrig for culture, but also for the other \u00abportfolios or thematic\u00bb 3 budget scenarios for devolution for Brittany as part of a progressive transfer plan.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Notes and clarifications<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-1\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>1.<\/strong>  As already indicated, Brittany 5 corresponds to the real Brittany, called historical Brittany, with its 5 departments. <a href=\"#budget-ref-1\" aria-label=\"Return to note 1\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-2\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>2.<\/strong>  Public intercommunal cooperation institution. <a href=\"#budget-ref-2\" aria-label=\"Return to Note 2\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-3\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>3.<\/strong>  Internal consumption tax on energy products. <a href=\"#budget-ref-3\" aria-label=\"Returning to the Note 3 call\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-4\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>4.<\/strong>  Tax revenues intended to discourage the consumption of goods deemed harmful to health or the environment. <a href=\"#budget-ref-4\" aria-label=\"Returning to the Note 4 call\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-5\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>5.<\/strong>  Contribution to the repayment of social debt <a href=\"#budget-ref-5\" aria-label=\"Returning to the Note 5 appeal\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-6\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>6.<\/strong>  The final 2024 accounts for each level of the community are available from the OFGL\/DGFiP.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.collectivites-locales.gouv.fr\/actualites\/donnees-financieres-definitives-2024-disponibles-sur-dataofglfr?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Local Authorities<\/a>) <a href=\"#budget-ref-6\" aria-label=\"Returning to the note 6 call\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-7\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>7.<\/strong>  See our thematic reflections, particularly on health and disability issues. <a href=\"#budget-ref-7\" aria-label=\"Returning to the Note 7 appeal\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-8\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>8.<\/strong>  See our thematic reflections, particularly on the topic of education. <a href=\"#budget-ref-8\" aria-label=\"Returning to the Note 8 appeal\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-9\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>9.<\/strong>  See our thematic reflections on these topics. <a href=\"#budget-ref-9\" aria-label=\"Returning to the Note 9 appeal\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-10\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>10.<\/strong>  See our thematic reflections, particularly on the topics of agriculture and the sea. <a href=\"#budget-ref-10\" aria-label=\"Returning to the note 10 call\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-11\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>11.<\/strong>  See our thematic reflection on housing. <a href=\"#budget-ref-11\" aria-label=\"Return to note 11\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-12\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>12.<\/strong>  At any rate, that was the case for Yes Breizh. <a href=\"#budget-ref-12\" aria-label=\"Return to note 12\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-13\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>13.<\/strong>  The Department of Studies, Prospective, Statistics and Documentation, the statistical service of the Ministry of Culture. <br> <a href=\"#budget-ref-13\" aria-label=\"Return to Note 13\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-14\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>14.<\/strong>  Why is there no real <strong>a consolidated account on the subject of the languages of Brittany?<\/strong> <a href=\"#budget-ref-14\" aria-label=\"Return to Note 14\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-15\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>15.<\/strong>  The equivalent of our Public Office for the Breton Language <a href=\"#budget-ref-15\" aria-label=\"Returning to Note 15\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-16\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>16.<\/strong>  Internet library containing resources in Welsh and English for teachers and students. <a href=\"#budget-ref-16\" aria-label=\"Return to Note 16\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-17\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>17.<\/strong>  Great Welsh cultural festival of literature, music and theatre centered on the Welsh language. <a href=\"#budget-ref-17\" aria-label=\"Returning to Note 17\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-18\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>18.<\/strong>  The largest voluntary youth organization in Wales, offering Welsh language activities for children and young people. <a href=\"#budget-ref-18\" aria-label=\"Returning to Note 18\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-19\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>19.<\/strong>  Welsh language initiative. <a href=\"#budget-ref-19\" aria-label=\"Returning to Note 19\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-20\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>20.<\/strong>  Public television in the Irish language. <a href=\"#budget-ref-20\" aria-label=\"Returning to the note 20 call\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-21\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>21.<\/strong>  \u00abGaeltacht\u00bb is an Irish word that refers to all those who speak Irish. By extension, it refers to an area where the Irish language is spoken in a significant proportion of the population. <a href=\"#budget-ref-21\" aria-label=\"Returning to Note 21\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"budget-note-22\" style=\"margin-top:-260px;margin-bottom:4px;padding-top:260px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.3\"><strong>22.<\/strong>  See the thematic analysis on the diaspora. <a href=\"#budget-ref-22\" aria-label=\"Returning to Note 22\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The thematic dossiers of Levrig 2027 by Yes Breizh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022 1. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/institutions-status-devolution-constitution-brittany\/\">Statute, institutions, devolution and Constitution<\/a> <br>\u2022 2. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/public-finances-budget-autonomy-fiscal-brittany\/\">Public finances, budget and fiscal autonomy<\/a> <br>\u2022 2 bis. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/budgetary-analysis-for-france-bretagne\/\">Budgetary analysis France \u2013 Brittany 5<\/a> <br>\u2022 3. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/public-service-bretagne\/\">The public service in Brittany<\/a> <br>\u2022 4. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/sante-bretagne\/\">Health in Brittany<\/a> <br>\u2022 5. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/breton-disability\/\">Disability in Brittany<\/a> <br>\u2022 6. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/education-training-higher-education-bretagne\/\">Education, training and higher education<\/a> <br>\u2022 7. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/culture-languages-media-brittany\/\">Culture, languages and media<\/a> <br>\u2022 8. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/breton-identity-and-cohesion-transmission\/\">Breton identity, transmission and cohesion<\/a> <br>\u2022 9. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/housing-in-brittany\/\">Housing in Brittany<\/a> <br>\u2022 10. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/employment-economic-development-companies-brittany\/\">Employment, businesses and economic development<\/a> <br>\u2022 11. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/economy-commerce-mobility-in-brittany\/\">Economy, trade and mobility<\/a> <br>\u2022 12. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/agriculture-and-food-in-brittany\/\">Agriculture and food<\/a> <br>\u2022 13. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/coastal-sea-fishing-in-brittany\/\">Sea, coast and fishing<\/a> <br>\u2022 14. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/climate-energy-ecological-transition-brittany\/\">Energy, climate and the ecological transition<\/a> <br>\u2022 15. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/numerique-souverainete-bretagne\/\">Digitalization and sovereignty<\/a> <br>\u2022 16. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/securite-justice-defense-bretagne\/\">Security, justice and defense<\/a> <br>\u2022 17. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/bretagne-europe-international\/\">Europe and internationally<\/a> <br>\u2022 18. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/diaspora-bretonne-rayonnement-international\/\">Breton Diaspora and international outreach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group yb-support-pattern\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<style>.yb-support{clear:both;margin:28px 0 16px;padding:18px 0 0;border-top:1px solid #e3e7e4}.yb-support h2{font-size:22px!important;line-height:1.35!important;margin:0 0 14px!important;text-align:center}.yb-support-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:10px}.yb-support a.yb-support-button{box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:9px;height:72px;padding:10px 12px;border-radius:6px;color:#fff!important;text-decoration:none!important;font-family:inherit;font-size:16px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.25;text-align:center;min-width:0;box-shadow:none}.yb-support-button svg{width:21px;height:21px;flex:0 0 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les ancres. *\/\n.editor-styles-wrapper:has(.yb-support-pattern) :is(.wp-block-heading,.wp-block-paragraph)[style*=\"margin-top: -260px\"][style*=\"padding-top: 260px\"]{margin-top:28px!important;padding-top:0!important}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<section class=\"yb-support\" lang=\"en\" data-no-translation><h2>Support Yes Breizh and take part in its work<\/h2><div class=\"yb-support-grid\"><a class=\"yb-support-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/membership\/\" style=\"background:#176D57\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"7\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M3 21v-3a6 6 0 0 1 12 0v3M19 8v6M16 11h6\"\/><\/svg><span>Join us<\/span><\/a><a class=\"yb-support-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/make-a-donation\/\" style=\"background:#B54A45\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M20.8 4.6a5.5 5.5 0 0 0-7.8 0L12 5.7l-1.1-1.1a5.5 5.5 0 0 0-7.8 7.8L12 21l8.8-8.6a5.5 5.5 0 0 0 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devolution.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2063,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[225],"tags":[230,229,226,227,23,228,221,17],"class_list":["post-2069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-levrig-2","tag-analyse-budgetaire","tag-autonomie-fiscale","tag-bretagne-5","tag-budget-bretagne","tag-devolution","tag-finances-publiques","tag-levrig-2027","tag-yes-breizh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2069","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2069"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2069\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2187,"href":"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2069\/revisions\/2187"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2063"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2069"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2069"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yes.bzh\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2069"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}